Fall of Outremer

Fall of Outremer
Part of the Crusades
The Siege of Acre (1291)
Date 1272–1302 Location Levant Result Mamluk victory Territorial changes The Mamluks capture all Crusade possessions in the Holy Land
Belligerents
Outremer/Europe Kingdom of Jerusalem (Kingdom of Cyprus)/ Crusader States *Hugh III *John I *Henry II Kingdom of France *Philip III *Philip IV Kingdom of England *Edward I *Edward II Kingdom of Sicily *Charles I of Anjou *Peter III of Aragon *Frederick III of Sicily *James II of Aragon Military Orders *Templars *Hospitallers *Teutonic Knights	Mamluk Sultanate Al-Malik Baibars Al-Said Barakah Badr al-Din Solamish Al-Mansûr Qalawun Al-Ashraf Khalil An-Nasir Muhammad Kitbugha Lajin Other/Unaffiliated Assassins Byzantine Empire *Michael VIII Palaiologos *Andronikos II Palaiologos *Michael IX Palaiologos Galilee Antioch Tyre Allies Mongol Ilkhanate Kingdom of Armenia Georgian Bagratids
Commanders and leaders
Western Forces Roger of San Severino Balian of Arsuf Barthélémy de Maraclée Geoffrey of Langley Bohemond VII of Tripoli Lucia of Tripoli Narjot de Toucy John of Montfort Benedetto I Zaccaria Amalric of Tyre Jean I de Grailly Otto de Grandson Peter Embriaco Barthélemy de Quincy Guy of Ibelin Jean II de Giblet Hospitallers/Templars Thomas Bérard Guillaume de Beaujeu Thibaud Gaudin Jacques de Molay Geoffroi de Charney Hugues de Revel Nicolas Lorgne Jacques de Taxi Joseph of Chauncy Jean de Villiers Matthew of Clermont Peter of Moncada Guillaume de Villaret Foulques de Villaret	Mamluks Baibars Qalawun Sunqur al-Ashqar Al-Mansur II Muhammad Khalil An-Nasir Muhammad Other Players James I of Aragon Maria of Antioch Rudolph of Hapsburg Charles II of Naples Eschive of Ibelin Leo II of Armenia Hethum II of Armenia Demetrius II of Georgia Vakhtang II of Georgia David VIII of Georgia Burchard of Schwanden Conrad of Feuchtwangen Mongols Abaqa Möngke Temur Taghachar Arghun Gaykhatu Baydu Ghazan Kutlushah Mulay Öljaitü

The fall of Outremer describes the history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the end of the last European Crusade to the Holy Land in 1272 until the final loss in 1302. The kingdom was the center of Outremer—the four Crusader states—formed after the First Crusade in 1099 and reached its peak in 1187. The loss of Jerusalem in that year began the century-long decline. The years 1272–1302 are fraught with many conflicts throughout the Levant as well as the Mediterranean and Western European regions, and many Crusades were proposed to free the Holy Land from Mamluk control. The major players fighting the Muslims included the kings of England and France, the kingdoms of Cyprus and Sicily, the three Military Orders and Mongol Ilkhanate. Traditionally, the end of Western European presence in the Holy Land is identified as their defeat at the Siege of Acre in 1291, but the Christian forces managed to hold on to the small island fortress of Ruad until 1302.

The Holy Land would no longer be the focus of the West even though various crusades were proposed in the early years of the fourteenth century. The Knights Hospitaller would conquer Rhodes from Byzantium, making it the center of their activity for two hundred years. The Knights Templar, the elite fighting force in the kingdom, would be disbanded and its knights imprisoned or executed. The Mongols converted to Islam, but disintegrated as a fighting force. The Mamluk sultanate would continue for another century. The Crusades to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land were over.